The Commercialization of Extreme Sports (X Sports) Essays

The Commercialization of Extreme Sports (X Sports) ABSTRACT For years, extreme sports had little to nothing in common with each other except for high risk, and an appeal to women and men from the ages of 12 to 34. Entertainment Sports Programming Network (ESPN), realizing this age group was a prime viewing audience, brought together several extreme sports and created yet another commercialized sporting spectacle. Since 1995, this television network has produced the Summer X Games. After these summer productions proved to be successful television and live spectator events, ESPN expanded into the winter extreme sports. The Winter X Games have been produced since 1997. This paper, which commences with the rise of extreme sports, is†¦show more content†¦The X Generation, considered by some as less mainstream than preceding generations of youth, has been swept away with a relatively new type of non-traditional sporting activity that is referred to as extreme sports (Reitman, 1999). This is a high thrills, dare devil, real life sporting ac tivity for enthusiasts who are willing to go to the edge of athletic participation and sometimes beyond. The creation and evolution of the X Games were a carefully orchestrated chain of events. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the conditions involved in the formation and growth of the X Games. The major factors that have contributed to the biannual successes of the X Games have been the close connection of ESPN with the X Games, the involvement of corporate sponsorship, and the site choices and intense bidding by cities to serve as host sites. This article includes both key factor analyses and a historiographic examination of this extreme sporting phenomenon. HISTORICAL CLIMATE The Summer and Winter ESPN X Games are a commercialization of these extreme sports. With the X Games, ESPN had assessed what it took to be the†¦in-your-face persona of Generation X and assembled a scaffolding of events that made it all marketable (White, 1997)1. As one journalist noted, the X Games present a sporting event for a post-punk audience raised on MTV and moshing†¦This wide world of sports represents a complete inversion of theShow MoreRelatedNissan Corp Swot5421 Words   |  22 Pagesnew markets Government regulations: abroad in other countries as well as US and the US; global warming, CAFÉ standards, safety issues Growth of existing market: widen market New entrants: threat of potential inclusive of generation X,Y and baby boomers new competitors Strong economy: economy not faltering; Changing market tastes: need for consumers still buying continuous innovation to appeal to different segments Nissan’s reputation: leads the industry Shortage ofRead MoreFormula One24819 Words   |  100 Pagesbetween Formula One sponsor- ships, enhanced brand image and increased brand awareness. Thereby exploring the possible connection between Formula One sponsorships and brand equity. 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Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart - 1315 Words

Missionaries are a group of Christians whom are on a religious mission. Their sole purpose is to promote their religion in foreign countries. They ‘preach the gospel to all creation. ...and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit’ (Matthew 28:18-20). One of the places the Missionaries had travelled to is Africa. Both The River Between and Things Fall Apart were written during the independence period of Africa. Achebe’s novel, Things Fall Apart, published in 1958 tells the story of Okonkwo whom is a member of the Igbo Tribe in Nigeria and his constant encounters with the Christian missionaries. The River Between written by Ngugi was published in 1965 and tells the story of†¦show more content†¦This is portrayed in The River Between through the practise of female genital mutilation. Achebe however focuses on the Igbo traditions of marriage, children, trade, education and warfare. It is this difference of traditions that cause drifts within the tribes, for the African culture is completely different to that of the Colonies, where Christianity was ‘brought’ from. The River Between is set during the colonial period, a period of transition in which white European settlers were arriving in Kenya bringing with them their Christian values and traditions. However Ngugi focuses on the lost heritage of East Africa and does this through the literary form of storytelling. He sets his novel in the remote highlands of Kenya. This is significant as it relates to the legacies of the Kenyan tribal identities, and is considered the origins of where Ngai, the Kikuyu God had created Gikuyu; the first man and father of the Tribe and Mumbi; the first woman. By using the origins of the Kenyan Tribe as the foundations of his novel, Ngugi portrays that although Christianity and the missionaries have spread their ideologies within Kenya through colonisation, the tales told by each generation of Kenyans remained the same. However Things Fall Apart was set in the 1980’s and was written as a direct response to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. He states he wanted to â€Å"help [his] society regain belief in itself and put away the complexes of the

Clifton Strengths Finder free essay sample

In many cases, people find it difficult to label or categorize their natural talent. Because one is unaware of their natural talents, he or she experiences. During Gallup’s research on identifying talents, they discovered Throughout the course of Clifton’s work on studying talents, they discovered that the majority of people do not have careers that purse their natural talents (Rath, 2007). Out of 10 million people they surveyed, 7 million people were not engaged at work. When these individuals were not able to use their strengths they reported to dread going to work, have more negative than positive interactions with colleagues, treat customers poorly, tell friends what a miserable company they work for, achieve less on a daily basis, and have fewer positive, creative moments in the workplace (2007). To fix these problems, Clifton created a measuring tool in 1999 to categorize and identify talents. First, Clifton wanted to base his research on what is right with people instead of one’s weakness. We will write a custom essay sample on Clifton Strengths Finder or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Based upon previous tests, Clifton started studying work environments and how measuring one’s raw talents could be developed into strengths. He states that a talent is a â€Å"naturally recurring patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied† (Harter, Hodges amp; Lopez, 2005). Next, he states that strength is an extension of a talent. In other words, if one has the gift of communicating well, then with practice, he can develop his talent for talking into a personal strength such as public speaking. Due to Clifton’s belief of studying talents in individuals, he worked with Gallup to start construct the strengths finder. Gallup an organization known for its research on employee selection. To identify these talents, Clifton worked with Gallup to design interviews that were given to people in academic and work settings. The interviewed looked at the roles a person had at their job or academic setting and asked them questions about how successful they felt at work. More than two million people participated during the interview process (Harter, Hodges amp; Lopez, 2005). While identifying common talents and strengths in these settings, Clifton created categories to place them in. These categories are known as themes. Clifton and his team established 34 themes in total. The themes represent a classification of talents. Even though the themes does not capture every aspect of human talent, it is used as an easy way to generate a category. Each theme shares a personalized description based upon the how the respondent answered the questions. For instance, in the futuristic category, a general description reads, â€Å"When the present proves too frustrating and the people around you too pragmatic, you conjure up your visions of the future and they energize you† (Rath, 2007). This is a general sentence that people get who scored high in the futuristic category. When I took the test, I might be the only one who receives the following sentence, â€Å"Its likely that you may intentionally take charge of your future. You might be determined to shape it as you wish (2007). Both the personalized and generalized descriptions are about a paragraph or two in length. The results support the test’s purpose of identifying personal development in work and academic settings, and not for employment selection, placement, or screening for mental health (Schreiner, 2006) The Clifton Strengths Finder is an online assessment that takes about 30 to 45 minutes to complete. There are 180 self-descriptor items that are paired together and participants have to answer at 20-second time intervals (Anderson, Clifton amp; Schreiner, 2006). The items can either be two simple sentences paired together or two complex sentences paired together. One item would appear on the far left side of the screen and the other item will appear on the far right side of the screen. The participant will see five circles on the screen and will have to click on the circle that mostly relates to their talent. For example, one might see an item pair that reads, â€Å"I am Zesty† on the left side and â€Å"I am boring† on the right side. The participant will have to select a circle on the left or right side that relates to his talent. If the participant cannot relate to either of those items, then one has the option of selecting the middle circle which reads as, â€Å"neutral. Gallup and Clifton decided to present the paired items at 20-second time intervals because it generates a, â€Å"first reaction† (Rath, 2007). According to Gallup’s analysts, one’s first reaction to a question is more honest and true. Thinking too much on a question may cause doubt and will alter test scores. The current normed populati on for CSF are college students because identifying one’s talent in college will create a more positive and productive environment in the workforce (2007). To test the current normed population, Gallup’s researchers conducted a national study in 2004-05 to reveal the CSF’s reliability and validity. Students from five community colleges and nine universities participated in the study. The sample consisted of 438 college students and 58% were female while 46% were male. The sample had the following ethnicities represented: 76% Caucasian 13. 6% Asian, 5% Hispanic, 4. 3% African-American, and 1. 2% multiethnic. The majority of sample was comprised of freshmen and sophomore. Freshman represented 46%, with sophomores at 31. 5%, juniors 8. 7%, and seniors 10. 8% (Schreiner, 2006). The students had to complete three online instruments which included the CSF, the California Psychological Inventory and the 16PF. The last two instruments were tested because their content related to the theme categories of the CSF. Both tests are also reliable measures of personality and the 16PF contains Holland’s six vocational types (2006). The study consisted of two phases. After taking the three instruments, students returned a month later in order to complete the CSF again. The results from the two trials determined the reliability and validity of the test. With reliability the researchers used test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Since the students had to come back a second time to take the test, test-retest reliability assessed how stable their responses was over time. A score of 1. 00 would reveal that students who took the CSF responded exactly the same. Across the 34 themes the mean for the test-retest reliability was . 70. The themes with the highest test-retest reliability were Discipline, Deliberative, Intellection, Positivity, and Competition (Schreiner, 2006). Through reliability, research has also found that 52% of the sample had scored the same three themes of the five themes from taking the test twice. Only 35% scored the same two themes over time, while 11% retained only one of their top five themes. A small 2% scored completely different themes from taking the CSF twice (2006). Internal consistency scored ranged from . 63 to . 80 being the highest among the 34 themes. This reliability assessment measured how accurate each theme identified the correct items it was measuring (2006). For example. If a item on the Achievement theme scale measures strong need for achievement, then the internal consistency will be high. The validity used for the CSF was construct validity. Construct validity reveals how well items describe people. Since the CSF does not predict future behavior and responses are not based on accuracy, construct validity was appropriate for this test. Because the themes were based off the California and 16PF, 93. 4% of the themes had significant correlation coefficients (2006). In the end the CSF presented some strengths and weaknesses. Gallup researchers have found that strength-based interventions increased a student’s retention, performance, self-efficacy, confidence, and purpose in academic and work settings. One weaknesses is that the CSF contains over 200,000 unique combinations that represent themes (Rath, 2007). Some items in these combinations are represented more than others, so if someone does not answer a particular amount of item pairs, then he or she will not be in that category. Another weaknesses is that the theme descriptions and the 180 item pairs been the same since 1999 (2007). The statements that participants see to answer about their talents may not be up to date with today’s language. Also, when long statements are given on the online assessment, one may not have enough time to read it and this will alter the result.

The sensuous Chekhov Essay Example For Students

The sensuous Chekhov Essay Anton Chekhov, a doctor, once said, My holy of holies is the human body. And the people in his plays, contrary to the way theyre often viewed, do have bodies. These are humans, in each others company, in a place. Theyre also humans in our company, in a room with us. What Chekhov interpreters make of the much-neglected bodies is, to a great degree, what they make of the plays. In the past weeks Ive seen three major regional productions of The Cherry Orchard: at Clevelands Great Lakes Theater Festival, at American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Mass., and at Indiana Repertory Theatre in Indianapolis. They seem to be three completely different plays. OFF WE GO, IN SEARCH OF THE CHEKHOV EXPERIENCE. We will write a custom essay on The sensuous Chekhov specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Great Lakes mounts its version, directed by Gerald Freedman with set design by John Ezell, in the Ohio Theatre, a vast, ornate, grandly old-fashioned cavern in a lavish three-theatre complex among Clevelands downtown business towers. Theres lots and lots of space, in the house and on the stage, that great, gilded temple of a proscenium stage. As the companys mission statement attests, this is truly a shrine, a monument, a place for cultural preservation, a haven for classic drama. For the interior scenes at the Ranyevskaya estate, period furniture is set about the stage without walls to contain it. In the first act Madame Ranyevskayas return from Pans and Lopakhins revelation of the estates jeopardy you can see past free-standing doors right to the back of the space, where an enormous, thick cascade of bright pink blossoms shoots up and across the ceiling to loom, a magnificent oppressive, independent canopy over the action below. As the orchards sale impends and the scene moves outside to the surrounding estate land, blossoms rain down suddenly, apocalyptically, and leave menacing, skeletal branches to claw the firmament, while insistent telephone poles sprout from a barren, rocky landscape. Back inside for Ranyevskayas defiant party, the furniture returns, beset by a luxuriant curtain in a stage-center arch, everything aglow with the rich, heavy hues of mourning -in-advance. Of course, for the final act, once the estate is sold to Lopakhin, things get covered in sheets as everyone leaves. To the side of each interior scene, small, slightly distorted rooms sit aloft and vacant, memories of the home as it used to be, their lines of perspective challenging those of the inhabited space. Things that arent supposed to move, such as absent-but-suggested walls, doors and large, dense pieces of furniture the house itself move easily, carelessly, as if they were windblown scraps, while the mobile stuff the people stay put, mired in sorrow, bewildered by the unexpected ephemeral world around them. All of this, framed and distant from the crowd, is glorious, awesome, classical tragic, Important. Nothing could differ more from the atmosphere of the Festivals lakeside palace than the Loeb Drama Center in studious Harvard Square, where, on American Reps mainstage, The Cherry Orchard is no less important for its being decidedly modern. The theatre is a spacious lecture hall whose seats dive at a severe confrontational rake to the lip of a big, bare proscenium cube. Its an unadorned room in an unadorned academic building, and George Tsypins set is just as stark. The estate house is represented by two dimensional, featureless cut-out walls toward the back of the stage with cut-out doorless doorways. On stage the furniture is scattered widely, all of it painted in bright solid colors, some of it such as the crippled, screaming-yellow bookcase at odd angles or of useless proportions. None of this decor suggests a period or place, but an idea, a hybrid of Van Goghs The Bedroom and a childs sidewalk chalk-drawing. To evoke the out-of-doors world, the stage is stripped bare, save a small backless bench and an enormous dark pole that stretches all the way to the ceiling. Across the entire rear wall hangs a Rothko-like horizon, bars of grey and brown. The orchard is revealed from behind a scrim: a row of vertically aligned fluorescent tubes. The floor, that glacial gray expanse, looks clean enough to eat off. .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 , .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .postImageUrl , .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 , .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:hover , .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:visited , .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:active { border:0!important; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:active , .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52 .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufc8429eeca01a058fcf67896fe94bf52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theatre and poetry EssayAlmost always separated from each other across yards and yards of bleak and alien terrain the people spin in their own follow orbits, their isolation enhanced and sealed by follow-spots, their angst-frozen gazes scarcely ever meeting. Remote (from us and each other) and static, they look like pieces in an abstract sculpture garden, components of a stunning installation. Under Ron Danielss direction, the play becomes an incisive lecture in existential philosophy, an academic literalization of its latent lonely heart. By contrast yet again, Indiana Reys relatively small, unspectacular house wraps around and cozies up to its apron stage. Every seat aims at the center of the stage, and the center of the stage speaks to every seat. Simon Pastukhs set, behind the exposed outward-reaching and sparsely furnished lobe, uses a series of scrims hung with small family portraits that leave unfaded spots when theyre packed away for the final departure. Doorways arent aligned with each other, so that entering and leaving sends actors racing through a convoluted fun-house labyrinth. With light hitting the scrims in various ways, this set effortlessly serves as both indoor and outdoor realms. On the floor of the stage are strewn thousands of light pink petals that whisper and lift and fly whenever people move. And people do move and move and move in an exuberant, buoyant dance, striding, tumbling, running, swirling and everywhere they go the petals celebrate. People touch each other, grab, hug, hit, kiss, caress they actually touch! This Cherry Orchard, directed by Libby Appel, is sensual, enthusiastic, swift, immediate, brash and near. In the title story of The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, Oliver Sacks interviews a man whose progressive neuro-psychological disorder has robbed him of the connection between seeing and feeling, made the world into a collection of pattern lifeless shapes to be deciphered. Sacks hands the man an extravagant, fresh red rose: He took it like a botanist or morphologist given a specimen, not like a person given a flower. About six inches in length, he commented. A convoluted red form with a linear green attachment. Yes, I said encouragingly, and what do you think it is, Dr. P.? Not easy to say. He seemed perplexed. It lacks the simple symmetry of the Platonic solids, although it may have a higher symmetry of its own . . . I think this could be an inflorescence or flower. Could be? I queried. Could be, he confirmed. Smell it, I suggested, and he again looked somewhat puzzled as if I had asked him to smell a higher symmetry .But he complied courteously and took it to his nose. Now, suddenly, he came to life. Beautiful! he exclaimed. An early rose. Great Lakes and American Rep (their buildings unwittingly complying with each approach) displayed two brilliant higher symmetries; Indianapolis offered the rose. As tragedy or philosophy, The Cherry Orchard is sliced to but a small part of what it can be: a sensory evocation of life on earth, a thing that exists fully as what it is, not as code for something else. The plays not Important It can matter a lot to a lot of people, but it doesnt have some massive, weighty thing to dump in your lap. Jean-Louis Barrault once described the plot of The Cherry Orchard as follows: Act I: The cherry orchard is in danger of being sold. Act II: The cherry orchard is going to be sold. Act III: The cherry orchard is sold. Act IV: The cherry orchard has been sold. As for the rest: life. The play is a living network of hungry desire. Anya Petya; Lopakhin Varya; Yepikhodov Dunyasha Yasha Ranyevskaya life; they want one another, in the most eager and unsparing way. Richard Gilman writes that Chekhov creates a dramatic field. Two phrase evokes a complex, nonlinear dramatic strategy, one that depends for its success on relationships among people. If the people arent allowed to communicate, the field breaks apart. And communication is not always the same thing as speech. Thats why its so vital, when characters are conceived as living beings, to bring them together, and to believe in their life. When little things can mean so much, when lips and fingers really matter, should actors be exiled from each other, divided across wide platforms far, far away from the audience and from each other and denied even the opportunity to move, to use their own bodies? Feelings of loneliness and loss are all the more powerful when you really attempt to connect. .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e , .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .postImageUrl , .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e , .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:hover , .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:visited , .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:active { border:0!important; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:active , .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20a5dd99c462a9f7162a131e36ed370e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prose Study of Dracula by Bram Stoker EssayBut stasis and turf arent the only impediments to intimate human contact, Ideas, too, can be dangerous. Mark Twain, in his essay How to Tell a Story, advocates what he calls the humorous story, which he contrasts to the schematic witty story: The humorous story may be spun out to great length, and may wander around as much as it pleases, and arrive nowhere in particular; but the witty story must be brief and end with a point. When you decide ahead of time that one of Chekhovs plays aims to make a point its about tragic loss, its about isolation the humor disappears, the rich irrelevancies must give way to the cause, to whatever that point is meant to be. The thing becomes streamlined, efficient, aimed and, ultimately, adversarial toward its audience. Chekhovs plays certainly arent without something to say, but they say it like a rose reveals itself: whole. The expression on someones face, some specific gesture, a way of walking or talking, a teardrop or a stolen glance these are the things that go straight to the heart, bypass the strict geometry of critical thought, communicate a total reality. The Thesis is deadly poison to the dramatic field, an inorganic invasion that wrenches our attention from the actors as people, be it a Damaclean cherry-bough suspended doomlike above, or electric trees that alienate-alienate-alienate, or an enormous sterile space that wont let you forget for a second that this is Art, not life; to be admired, not experienced. When metaphor crowds out the people on stage, youre in serious trouble-if your audience is human and your playwright writes human characters. Indiana Reps evocation of The Cherry Orchard is not all smiles and light and prettiness, but it is brave and present and lusty. Behaviors the thing. Lots of human behavior. Life loves life and wants as much as it can get. I want to experience human behavior, up close, experience humans experiencing each other. Why? Because Im a member of the species, and because theatre makes it possible, and because Chekhov is one of the most vibrant teeming sources of human behavior ever. George Orwell, enjoying Shakespeares countless loose ends, junk and trinkets and useless details, said, he loved the surface of the earth and the process of life. The same was true of Chekhov, who, I feel sure, would love the way his creations can, despite sorrow and failure and ugliness and death and wrong, still stride joyfully through fallen petals, unafraid of these layers of life at their feet, these playful things that bum with the pink possibility of spring and rustle with the sweet regret of autumn, that revel in Ranyevskayas spontaneous embraces and play banana peel to Yepikhodovs fearless pratfalls. The ambiguous, complex yet simple presence of these petals speaks volumes about the way Chekhovs people live in the place they live, because that presence draws its force from them and them alone, and means nothing without them.

The Only Person You Have to Please is You

The Only Person You Have to Please is You Yeah, thats hard for us to swallow sometimes. We write to be read. Eager to please, were like kids asking what are the rules so we can play the game well enough to win. We want people on the sidelines to root for us and tell us how well we did. We want the prize. Along the way, when times are rough, we remind ourselves that we are our best and worst critic. We might even say we only have to please ourselves, but we dont mean it. We get sad. Sometimes we cry. A few get mad and bash the publishing world as an evil, heartless machine that gobbles up the good and spits on the rest, stomping out the soul of art. But in the end, when were alone in our room staring at a screen that wont produce the right words, we have to face the fact we write for ourselves first, foremost, and last. Without our own love infused into our stories, they read dry. And to give love to something means to sacrifice and take risks. Remember, love can be unrequited. Many things we do in our lives we do for self-pleasure. While its a joy to be complimented for our efforts, the bottom line is we shouldnt perform without enjoying the experience of the performance. When you do, you shortchange the audience. Write a story that makes you smile, cry, or feel proud. Be truthful with yourself when trying to make it your best. Be thrilled when others enjoy the experience you worked so hard to produce, but try not to measure your success on the judgment of others. While its tempting to beg for the judgment, and shoved in our faces that success comes in terms of sales to others, nothing we do gets off the ground written in a vacuum with only an Amazon ranking representing the goal. Its like finding a friend. Not everyone likes you, and you dont like everyone. Only certain people connect with who you are. You have to be the best you to be the best for someone else. Without pleasing yourself first, you lose all hope of pleasing others. Have fun writing.

The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias Essay Example

The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias Essay Example The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias Paper The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias Paper What starts off as a discussion surrounding rhetoric, within the Gorgias, quickly but unsurprisingly transcends into a dialogue concerning the nature of virtuex of which the notions of freedom and power are intrinsically linked. Plato has the dialogue played out between Socrates and four others. Gorgias a famous Sophist and rhetorician, Polus his eager student, Callicles x and Chairephon a friend of Plato who plays little part in the dialogue. This essay shall split the dialogue into three parts, with each part considering Socrates debate with each of the three main protagonists. In each instance, the ideas of each individual regarding power and freedom will be expressed, Socrates response examined and the resulting implications surrounding his personal ideas explored. From this analysis, any overriding ideas throughout the dialogue may then be distinguished. Throughout the dialogues, power is usually the focus of discussion as opposed to freedom but it is fair to conclude that the concepts of power and freedom are so deeply intertwined that it often becomes difficult to disentangle them. Certainly Socrates and the three others seem to have similarly conflicting viewpoints regarding freedom and power. Usually in disproving his opponents views on power, he also, in conjunction, shows their idea of freedom to be faulty. The dialogue first introduces the notion of power via Gorgias, whom when questioned by Socrates declares rhetoric to be the greatest and noblest of affairs. Upon being asked by Socrates why this and not other professions such as medicine are not as noble, Gorgias retorts that a rhetorician can persuade a crowd to their personal line of thought through their oratory skills. In this lies power since they can dictate the desires of the population and bend them to their own device. Gorgias uses an instance of him competing against a real doctor to outline his point, he states that it would for him, as a skilled person in rhetoric, be easy to persuade an assembly or equivalent that it is he who is the expert in medicine and not the doctor. He could then get profit from this by being selected for posts above the real doctor. This is the notion of power that Gorgias believes an orator possesses. Power for Gorgias is the main goal in life and since, through persuasion, he believes he can achieve power, rhetoric becomes the supreme art for him. Gorgias does not dispute Socrates attack on his ideas, in that there is no truth in what a rhetorician can state i. e no real medical knowledge is necessary in order for the orator to convince a crowd that he is the expert. Socrates points out that there is no worth in convincing a crowd ignorant of medicine that you are knowledgeable in the subject. No good will come from this, there is no benefit here for society, nor is there any good for the individual. The orator does not further themselves by continuing on with such flattery, they are merely guessing at true knowledge. Gorgias also claims to be able to last web page Polus enters the conversation on the side of his teacher Gorgias and in particular is shocked when Socrates dismisses rhetoric as being equivalent to cooking in worth and the idea of Despite talk of flattery, Polus maintains that the orator is the most powerful person in a community because he can do whatever he pleases, like tyrants, put to death any man they will is the example he offers. Socrates response to this is simply No, if by power you mean something good for its posessor the ability to do whatever one pleases is not actually power. Wielding power is not good in its own right, there also needs to be some benefit coupled with the power. Plato uses the idea that rhetoricians are not intelligent in their own right to comment that if power is the ability to get what you want then a rhetorician, without any intelligence nor rational expertise lacks power. Platos argument here is not as convincing since he redefines want continually throughout this section. He appears to restrict wanting to cases where it is actual and not just apparent. Some commentators argue that Plato is deepening our understanding of want and not just changing his definition to suit his argument or alternatively highlighting the spurious nature of oratory, there is no real knowledge at the base of rhetoric could be the subtle point he is making. This line of thought though probably affords Plato too much credit in this instance. Polus continues to claim that political speakers have power, to which Socrates paradoxically replies that they have the least power of any in the state. In order to back this up Socrates claims that, although you may be able to do what is best, it is not necessarily true that you can do what you actually want. This is because of the fact that what you want is going to be good for you, while politicians always aim for their own personal good but if they do not appreciate what this good is they will end up doing what they do not. If they are doing what they do not want then they surely have no power. To complete the paradox, the philosopher claims that politicians especially are likely to be led away by others in order to gain approval rather than pursuing there own personal good which would be beneficial for them. The conclusion is that those who apparently have the most power turn out to infact have the very least. More potential chat on Polus Socrates brings up the issue of freedom by insisting on a distinction between doing as one sees fit and doing what one wants i. e negative and positve freedom. Polus has showed that the orator can do as he sees fit, but that doesnt automatically mean that he can do what he wants. Socrates argues, and Polus agrees, that some things are good, some things are bad, and some things are in themselves indifferent but can be either good or bad depending on how theyre used. What we want are the good things, but sometimes we must do the indifferent things (some of which may be very disagreeable, like taking medicine or going on a sea voyage) in order to get the good things. We dont want the indifferent things for their own sake, though; we want them for the sake of the good things. So strictly speaking, its the good things we want. However Socrates in many ways is not really justified in drawing a distinction between freedoms since If, however, we are mistaken about the connection between what were doing and that for the sake of which were doing it, we wont in fact be doing what we want. If I willingly take a bitter medicine in order to attain health, but in fact the medicine wont cure me, Im not doing what I want, even though Im doing as I see fit. In the same way, if I put someone to death or confiscate his property, but doing these things wont actually be for good, then Im not doing what I want, even though Im doing as I see fit. Following Polus acception of Socrates ideas Callicles enters the fray, in this the last section of the book. His arguments go beyond that of Polus, he approves of power over others in order that one can indulge their whims. His philosophy on how one should live is that of might is right citing nature as his justification a very similar line that was ultimately to be taken up by Neit zsche. Socrates points out though that his ideas may leave one vulnerable to an aggressor. Can a man avoid being wronged if it be his will to avoid it is posed as a question by Socrates, intuitively and for Callicles this would appear to be false. To avoid being wronged and hence to have real freedom you need power to protect yourself be it political or otherwise. Since doing wrong is involuntary, a consequence of error, you especially need power to protect yourself from this seemingly inevitable occurance. For Socrates, the problem this idea of power being necessary brings is that it assumes life at any cost is desirable even at a cost of moral corruption. Socrates replies that if life is infact the highest good, then even if rhetoric lead to power and hence the ability to survive one should also consider other examples such as swimming which has the potential to save lives. Even more so the mechanic who may save an entire community through the machines he builds. If mere life is viewed as the highest good, then these are equally as important as power in this respect. This goes a long way in showing that power is not necessay for freedom. It goes against Callicles definition of power being the freedom to do what you wish. In essence we find that Socrates is arguing that power is not an external force but an internal one, power over oneself i. e. self control is more important than power over others. It is this critical idea that seperates Socrates from Gorgias, Polus and Callicles. Socrates links true power inherently to having an ordered, controlled body and soul. Since rhetoric, as shown by Socrates, contains no real knowledge and is simply false knowledge, no agathon or beneficial good is derived for the body or soul and hence this flattery does not provide you with any true power. The use of a dialogue on rhetoric to explore notions of power can be seen as clever on the part of Plato, since the common but false view of power, power over others, like rhetoric, gives out an impressive image but ultimately does little to advance the good and has little real worth. the discipline to act justly, live virtuously, and not need anything. Additional pertinence is carried, when one considers the recent events surrounding the historical Socrates death. Socrates was willing to die if it be the will of the government even though he had the means to escape. This treatment of power becomes all the more significant in light of the events surrounding Socrates actual trial and death. The philosopher was accused of corrupting through false instruction and treason, and convicted and executed because of his refusal to admit having acted wrongly. In light of this event and its close proximity to Gorgias creation, then, the nature of power for Plato takes on crucial importance in that he must prove his teacher died in strength rather than weakness. For Socrates contemporaries, the rampant view of power is the ability to rule over others and to satisfy ones own desires. This position is best expressed by Polus (466-69) and Callicles (490-492). Plato takes great care to debunk this formulation. On the one hand, Socrates argues, those who rule others often must perform actions they do not will in order to benefit the state of which they are in charge. In this sense then, apparently powerful tyrants are often unable to act as they will, and true power is shown to consist of something other than ruling over others. At the same time, those who repeatedly satisfy their desires do not possess real power because this gratification further fuels rather than extinguishes the appetites. A person capable of always satisfying desire is in constant need of more satisfaction, and as such possesses no true power. This point is illustrated in 493b by the metaphor of the leaky jar. Mention of probable proximity of Socrates execution to book and themes this may have inspired. Socrates views freedom for the most part, whether there is anything within that has any element of control. This would include not having any addictions or other strong needs. Ideally reducing ones needs until one is content with what is to hand is best.

Organizational Communication about internship Essay

Organizational Communication about internship - Essay Example The modern economy is moving from manufacturing to service orientation. In essence, service production is crucial to human life because it relates directly to human social activities (Downs & Adrian, 2012). Therefore, there are a lot of personal contacts with people. This is seen mostly in hospitality industries like hotels and restaurants. In such places, where business success is dependent on customer satisfaction, effective communication should be enhanced. A good communication strategy enhances customer satisfaction and attainment of organizational goals. Furthermore, because too much engagement with customers, communication helps to clear up misunderstanding and promote straightforward business deals free from inaccurate information, sarcasm, and personal attacks. Usually, customers are ‘right’ and they should be treated with utmost good faith to feel appreciated. This can be achieved by effective communication. According to Miller, (2014), there is no employee who wants to be a faceless cog. Irrespective of how small or big the organization is, workers who are not appreciated and accommodated will drain the moral of other workers leading to low productivity and high turnover. Before the voiceless employees drain others, the company can conduct regular employee surveys to ascertain issues affecting them. This is the most recommended method of getting their input clearly examined. Employee survey is paramount because the organization can identify the loopholes and take corrective measures. Surveys bring on board all the parties to understand what each one is expected to. As a result, productivity levels will be maintained. Written communication is formally accepted and removes doubts. Once words have been put on paper, it can easily be authenticated as opposed to written. Also, it cannot be easily altered and

The current macroeconomic situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The current macroeconomic situation - Essay Example This means that the people in America were borrowing in order to fund spending (Tilton, 2011). A deficit then is created. This situation is expected to result into inflation. Nevertheless, as of 2010 until the present, the private sector’s spending has been in moderate level (Tilton, 2011). There is a rise in saving and a drop of spending (Tilton, 2011). The country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is used to determine this fact. Second, credit conditions have improved for both smaller businesses and individuals; more and more banks have stabilized their lending standards (Tilton, 2011). This means that banks are not anymore imposing strict policies in terms of lending. If this is the case, then, it would be easier for smaller businesses and consumers â€Å"to spend a bit more† (Tilton, 2011). Despite these good economic findings, there are three key factors which could hinder full economic growth in the United States. These are the following: (1) large federal bud get deficit; (2) large increases in commodity prices; and (3) weakening of housing prices (Tilton, 2011). To prevent these factors from becoming a big economic problem, the federal government should adopt fiscal tightening instead of fiscal expansion. At this time, to use an expansionary fiscal policy would worsen the situation.

Discussing Literary Genre Essay Example for Free

Discussing Literary Genre Essay To define genre is to embark on a conjectural journey within a theoretical minefield. Genre theory has drawn immense debate and contemplation throughout literary history, however, several conclusions have emerged. Genre types are unfixed categories whose characteristics differ considerably among the specific genres; furthermore, the role of literary history plays a significant role in discussions of genre, for genre types evolve and shift with each new literary text. An approach to the discussion of genre, family resemblances, illustrates similar conventions among texts within a genre, but there are significant problems in this approach. There are several ways to discuss genre, and although problems abound in any approach, the subjective nature of the literary experience calls attention to the importance of the interaction between reader and text to provide the final word on genre. Although there is considerable theoretical debate about the definition of specific genres, the conventional definition tends to be based on the idea that texts within a genre share particular conventions of content and form, such as themes, settings, structure and style. However, the nature of genre leads to several problems inherent in the defining of genres. Certain genres are looser and more open ended in their conventions than other genres and some genres have many conventions while others have very few. Furthermore, literary texts that overlap and mix genres blur the distinction between them. Genres are not discrete systems consisting of a fixed number of list able items. Consequently, the same text can belong to different genres in different countries or times. For example, Latin poets categorized the elegy mainly in terms of its meter, while poets during the English Renaissance regarded the subject matter and tone to be determinate of form. History and culture play a role in the ever changing status of genres, which are difficult to define because the concept encompasses so many different literary qualities and conventions that can be broken or accepted, overlapped or mixed. Rather than define genre, some theorists approach the discussion of genre using Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of â€Å"family resemblances† among literary texts. Although a literary text rarely has all the characteristics of a particular genre, this method involves the discernment of similar conventions among texts within a genre. However, the problem of selection arises, for which texts can claim to be representative of a genre? Moreover, who decides the selection of these texts? The consideration of specific characteristics in literature introduces problems regarding the classification of literary works. The choice of characteristics taken into account is essential to the discussion of genre types . The characteristics of specific genres shift throughout history to accommodate variations in the category that occur; the defining characteristics of a particular genre can alter so drastically that the preliminary era in a new genre may not resemble the modern literary works in that genre. The works of Edgar Allan Poe, considered to be the father of the modern short story, show the contrast between the classification of short fiction in the 19th century and today. Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue†, provides suspense and mystery; however, the story does not include the main character’s moment of consciousness, the key ingredient in classifying modern short stories. Although â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† does not entail a moment of revelation, the story was regarded as short fiction in 1841. The contrast between early short fiction and the modern short story demonstrates the varying qualities of the genre between its preliminary stages and the present, and shows the substantial transformation which occurred within the genre. The types of genres not only shift throughout history but also alter with each new literary work. The altering of generic categories results in further difficulty in defining genre and classifying literary texts, for it demonstrates that generic forms are never fixed entities. Literary theorist Todorov asserts that although â€Å"every work modifies the sum of possible works we grant a text the right to figure in the history of literature only insofar as it produces a change in our previous notion of one activity or another†. Donald Barthelme’s â€Å"The Glass Mountain† is an example that expands the notion of short stories; the text challenges readers to find meaning and story where there is none. â€Å"The Glass Mountain† influences and increases the possibilities of short stories, while compelling readers to contemplate the role of short stories. Such engagement between a literary text and a reader results in the most intriguing and merited discussion of genre. The subjective procedure of defining genre appeals to the relationship between text and reader. Genre provides a framework within which texts are interpreted, and expectations and emotional outlooks are the individual results of reading literature. The expectations prompted by conventions in a literary text play a large role in the discussion of genre. For example, Mavis Gallant’s â€Å"From the Fifteenth District† cheats the expectation that arises from the first sentence, â€Å"[a]lthough an epidemic of haunting † (Gallant 115), and surprises readers with the discovery that the story is a reversal of the ghost story. A reader’s personal interaction with a literary work is decisive of genre, for what we think a genre is and the individual’s impression of a literary text often serve to classify a literary work. The individual’s response to literature plays a vital role in the discussion of genre, for literary texts are created for an audience of one. The various means to discuss genre provide insightful observations; however, significant problems are inherent in these discussions. The constantly changing categories of genre and the emergence of new literary works make defining genre a daunting task better left to the individual reader.

Ford :: essays research papers

The Ford Motor Company led what has been called a revolution. Henry Ford restructured everything from the salaries of employees to the work ethic they demonstrated. He did numerous things that were considered absurd and unrealistic at the time. This included the introduction of the $5.00 work day, and with this the desire to control his workers lives. In a way he did this for the better of the workers and the better of the company. The $5.00 per day rate was not as dumb as people perceived it to be. In reality, it was the perfect thing to do. Henry Ford gradually increased the wages of Ford Motor Company employees. His main objective in doing this was to motivate his employees into being more dedicated and motivated, and increase production overall. Henry Ford did not have the reputation of being especially munificent to his workers, but he was in no way parsimonious. His salaries did not often exceed the going rate of about $1.90 for Model T production workers for a ten-hour day in 1908. The average salary for production workers increased to around $2.50 by 1913 with a minimum of just $2.34. In October of 1913 a man named John R. Lee, recruited from the Kiem Mills to reform the company’s wage structure, developed an ingenious job-ladder system. This innovative system allowed increased wages for the upper crust portion of the working core. These elite workers had incentives to work their way from the $2.34 minimum to over $4.00 a day. This was a wage increase of 13%! This system was developed to increase labor turnover and create a more stable and committed workforce. This wage increase was copiously overshadowed by the increase to $5.00 a day just three months later. This pay raise was coupled with a reduction in work hours. Henry Ford replaced the two existing nine-hour shifts with a new nonstop rotation of eight-hour shifts around the clock. The new pay raise was part of a complicated system. The basic pay rate was to remain at $2.34. Workers could then reach a â€Å"wage† of $5.00 by earning a â€Å"profit-sharing† bonus. Workers could acquire this bonus on their paycheck regularly by meeting a few qualifications. They had to put in at least six months of service and be twenty-two years old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first, many people adored the idea of $5.00 per day. On January 5, 1914, Henry Ford announced this bonus plan.

Majority-Minority Question in the Writings of Gandhi and Jinnah Essay

Two major political leaders stand out in early twentieth century history of India. These two men are Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammed Ali Jinnah. In the lead up to the demand of Indian political leaders for independence from British colonial rule, a major political party was formed, and named ‘The Indian Congress Party’. All areas of British colonial India was represented in the Congress party. British colonial India was made up of people of many religions; the two major ones being Hinduism and Islam. Hindus were in the majority, while Muslims were in the minority, though a sizable minority. Both Gandhi and Jinnah were members of Congress Party. The initial push for independence from British colonialism was supported by people of all religions and from all regions. Of the main actors in the Indian independence movement, Mahatma Gandhi advocated a single united India composed of people of all religions in a secular constitutional democracy. Mohammad Ali Jinnah on the other hand, wanted an India made up of two states of equal parity, Pakistan and Hindustan. Hindustan would be ruled by the majority Hindus while Pakistan would be ruled by the minority Muslims, not as a democracy, but as an Islamic state. His difference of opinion with other Congress Party leaders like Gandhi, led Jinnah to leave Congress Party and to join ‘The Muslim League’. The inability of the two different and extreme positions to reach a consensus, eventually led to the division of British colonial India into two different countries at independence in 1947: India and Pakistan. Gandhi’s Position on Indian Independence Mahatma Gandhi was first and foremost a Hindu. When Gandhi entered Indian politics by joining the Indian Congress Party, he had three major objectives in view. The first was to unite all the people from diverse regions and religions into one united, indivisible India. The second was to awaken in all Indians a sense of nationalism and moral rearmament. The third was to use non-violent civil disobedience to force the British colonialists to grant India both political and economic independence. His speeches and writings were tailored towards these three objectives. Prior to Gandhi’s entry into Indian politics, there had been agitations for political autonomy by Indians. Many of these agitations had turned violent. The British on their part forcefully put down these violent protests, with consequent heavy loss of life of protesting Indians. Gandhi institutionalized non-violent protests as an effective method of forcing British colonialists to grant, first economic concessions and later political self determination to Indians. One of Gandhi’s most quoted famous speeches is one address to all Britons and given in 1942. â€Å"Leave India to God. If that is too much, then leave her to anarchy. † (Gandhi, May 1942) ‘†During the struggle for freedom, Gandhi had written this speech as an appeal â€Å"To Every Briton† to free their possessions in Asia and Africa, especially India†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Philips and Wainwright, 567). In order for both Gandhi’s Indian Congress Party and the Muslim League to present a common front to the British for a unified Indian independence, Gandhi had meeting with Jinnah on many occasions. However, because of their diametrically opposed positions on the majority/minority issue, their talks yielded no positive results. While Gandhi and his Congress party wanted a unified India with a secular constitutional democracy, Jinnah and his Muslim League wanted a two state structure with the Muslim minority being granted political parity with the Hindu majority. Thus the stage was set for division of India into two separate political entities, one secular and the other religious. Jinnah’s Position on Hindu/Muslim Parity The stance of the Muslim minority of British colonial India was articulated by Jinnah in his speeches and talks with British colonial administrators and Gandhi. ‘In 1940 Jinnah said â€Å"So far as I have understood Islam, it does not advocate a democracy which would allow the majority of non-Muslims to decide the fate of the Muslims†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Quaid-e-Azam, Vol II) ‘†Also in 1940 Jinnah spoke of how the Muslims constituted not a mere minority, but a nation and must have their own homeland. (Gwyer and Appadorai, 1957) Hence from his speeches and writings, Ali Jinnah left no room for meaningful compromise with those like Gandhi, who wanted a unified independent India, with a secular democratic constitution. Jinnah and the Muslim minority in India feared that the Hindu majority would dominate them and subjugate them in reprisal for the way the Muslim rulers of pre-colonial India had subjugated the Hindu populace which they ruled. In the words of Burke, ‘†At best, Jinnah and his colleagues were apprehensive of the intentions of the Hindu-dominated Congress towards the Muslims, and its ability and willingness to provide for and facilitate the progress and well-being of the minorities. In short, they were seeking to â€Å"escape the yoke of the more numerous Hindus. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Burke, 1973) NOTES 1. Philips and Wainwright, eds. The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives 1935-1947. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1970. 2. Speech delivered at Aligarh, March 6 1940, Speeches, Statements and Messages of the Quaid-e-Azam, Vol II, Khurshid Yusufi, Bazm-i-Iqbal, Lahore 3. Speech at Lahore Session of the All India Muslim League, March 22, 1940,’Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution 1921-47†²,Vol II, Gwyer and Appadorai, 1957 4. Burke, S. M. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis (London: Oxford University Press, 1973) p. 65. Bibliography 1. Burke, S. M. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis (London: Oxford University Press, 1973) p.65. 2. Philips and Wainwright, eds. The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives 1935-1947. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1970. 3. Speech delivered at Aligarh, March 6 1940, Speeches, Statements and Messages of the Quaid-e-Azam, Vol II, Khurshid Yusufi, Bazm-i-Iqbal, Lahore 4. Speech at Lahore Session of the All India Muslim League, March 22, 1940,’Speeches and Documents on the Indian Constitution 1921-47†²,Vol II, Gwyer and Appadorai, 1957 Internet Sources 5. Gandhi, May 1942, quoted in â€Å"The Partition of India† http://www. english. emory. edu/Bahri/Part. html

Free Trade In Society Essay

How does the society benefit from an economy built on free trade where both the labor and the buyer only seek personal gain?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On an economy that is built of free trade, society will run like clockwork because of the various incentives that the various sectors of the economy provide.   It is human nature for individual to act upon incentives.   Children are commonly disciplined by their parents with the use of incentives. It is the same in the case of the laborer and the buyer.   Both of them seek only personal gain.   It is highly uncommon that either buyer or laborer will act for the greater good of the nation or for world peace.   They work because they want to earn a living.   They want a nicer car, a bigger home, a good education for their children, and a trip abroad for the summer perhaps.   All their efforts are targeted to their personal goals, all of which is quantifiable in terms of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The laborer will always look for a place where there is a higher monetary yield for a lesser amount of work.   He will work harder if he knows that there is a promotion ahead. The buyer, on the other hand, will always search for a good bargain for any of his purchases.   All in all, everyone wants more for their money and time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society benefits from this system because it creates more competition in the markets of both buyers and laborers, resulting in more options and better options for both sectors.   With this equilibrium, society benefits because the economy benefits, thus increasing the standard of living. If however, there is an oversupply of labor, wages will go down and unemployment will go up, distorting the balance.   This is the same for buyers. A lack in competition will increase prices and decrease their purchasing power.   It is therefore necessary to maintain a good equilibrium in both labor markets and buyer markets which will result in a better economy, and which will eventually result in a higher standard of living for society.

Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases

Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases Watch for Visually Distracting Phrases By Mark Nichol Writers (and readers) face many perils faulty grammar, mangled syntax, and misplaced, missing, or extraneous punctuation among them but there’s one form of distraction writers might more easily overlook: Visually (and/or acoustically) distracting groups of words that, for one of three reasons, create obstacles to clear reading. One type of obstruction is repetition of sounds, either alliterative or assonant. Alliteration, the use of several words in sequence or within a sentence that start with the same sound, can be an effective technique, especially in poetry or just for fun (I use it often), but when it’s inadvertent (and sometimes when it’s deliberate), it just gets in the way. In the following sentence, for example, three of the first five words start with the letter r: â€Å"In regard to residents’ reviews, those who lived in the city where a restaurant is located tended to give the restaurant lower ratings than tourists did.† â€Å"In regard to† is clunky, and the sentence could begin simply with however instead of the alliterative introductory phrase. Another solution is to scatter the alliterative words, as in the revision from â€Å"These individuals often present complex clinical-care needs† to â€Å"These individuals often present complex needs for clinical care.† A similar potential obstruction is assonance, the repetition of vowel sounds within or at the end of a word. For example, three of the first four words in the introductory phrase in â€Å"Due to their redo being late, I didn’t get a chance to evaluate it† end in the -oo sound. (Read the phrase quickly three times without a pause and tell me it doesn’t sound like the first notes of a classic circus and carnival tune.) â€Å"Due to† is awkward under any circumstances (except in usage such as â€Å"The ceremony is due to begin soon†); use because instead. Another distraction is the proximal use of two or more words with the same or similar letter sequences but different pronunciations, as in â€Å"There were some elements that weren’t thought through enough.† This unfortunate pileup requires more extensive revision one possibility is â€Å"They didn’t sufficiently think some elements through.† Yet another problematic construction is one that inadvertently places two antonyms together, as in â€Å"Check your manuscript’s structure to make sure it doesn’t topple over under reader scrutiny,† where the words over and under are uncomfortably close. In this case, over can be deleted, or replace â€Å"topple over† with a synonym like collapse. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†Each vs. Both

Guanlong Tyrannosaur Facts and Figures

Guanlong Tyrannosaur Facts and Figures Name: Guanlong (Chinese for crown dragon); pronounced GWON-long Habitat: Woodlands of Asia Historical Period: Late Jurassic (160 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 100-200 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; large crest on head; possibly feathers About Guanlong One of the earliest tyrannosaurs yet to be discovered, Guanlong (the name, crown dragon, alludes to this meat-eaters prominent crest) roamed eastern Asia during the late Jurassic period. Like other early theropods - such as Eoraptor and Dilong - Guanlong was nothing special in terms of size, only a fraction as large as Tyrannosaurus Rex (which lived about 90 million years later). This points to a common theme in evolution, the development of plus-sized animals from small progenitors. How do paleontologists know that Guanlong was a tyrannosaur? Clearly, this dinosaurs crest - not to mention its fairly long arms and (possibly) its coat of feathers - make it an ill-fitting match with the classic tyrannosaurs of the late Cretaceous period. The giveaway is the characteristic shape of Guanlongs teeth and pelvis, which point to its being a basal (i.e., early) member of the tyrannosaur family. Guanlong itself appears to have descended from earlier, smaller theropods known as coelurosaurs, the most prominent genus of which was Coelurus. Oddly, when Guanlong was discovered, in Chinas Shishugou formation, the paleontologists from George Washington University found two specimens lying on top of one another - one surmised to be about 12 years old, and the other about 7. Whats weird is that, as far as researchers can tell, the dinosaurs didn’t die at the same time, and theres no sign of a struggle - so how did they wind up buried together? Its still a tantalizing paleontological mystery.

Research Paper Rough Draft Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rough Draft - Research Paper Example This work gives a brief description about various types network hacking techniques, various types of biometrics that can be integrated into the network security features and the recent trends in network security involving biometrics forbattling the attacks of the network hackers. Wireless networks have become an essential part of our daily life. In recent times the uses of wireless networks had undergone a phenomenal growth and so are the attempts of hacking and network intrusions. People transmit large amounts of sensitive/private data over the networks to their desired destinations. However, with the new advancements in the field of information technology, maximizing information security has also become more and more difficult as the result of more organized intrusion attempts by hackers. A hacker is a person who makes use of advanced programming skills and techniques to break illegally into any specific computer system in order to expose the security flaws (Ciampa, 2009). Although many significant measures have been taken to make information security and wireless security reliable, none has proved able to provide complete protection to the wireless and computer networks. In such conditions, it is essential to design a reliable security system that can min imize the risk of unauthorized use of information.  This paper will describe in detail why protecting the network system from the attack of hackers is still a challenging task under research, despite various technological developments? (Ciampa, 2009), what are the various techniques used to hack a network? (Ciampa, 2009), what is biometric authentication? (Mudholkar, Shende, and Sarode, 2012),and how incorporating biometric authenticationcan be helpful in strengthening a network’s security system? (Li, et.al, 2011). The use of wireless networks and internet has become inseparable

One Page Response on 'Wayward Puritans' by KAI ERIKSON Essay

One Page Response on 'Wayward Puritans' by KAI ERIKSON - Essay Example One classic example to this is cannibalism. Most societies deem this as immoral but there are few communities that practice it thinking that eating their enemies will strengthen them, or similar to that line. The article enlightened my perspective in understanding deviant behavior. A group has subjective boundaries, something that changes through time depending on the experiences and situation that they are subjected to. These experiences become the string that attaches each member to each other, forming the community’s spirit and conformity. These experiences also set the behaviors that conforms and deviates with the group. It is important to note that when someone behaves differently from the group, it does not automatically mean that they are deviant. There are still levels of deviance that the group tolerates, being expected deviance such as teenagers behaving raucously. With this, the study of deviance revolves not one the individual that behaves differently but on the re actions and responses of the group that the individual belongs to. Deviance has and will always be part of our lives. I may have done deviant deeds but not to the extent that the group will shun me and discriminate me. This opened my eyes that our actions will always depend on our social environment.

Should Health care in America be free Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Should Health care in America be free - Essay Example In terms of employment, Healthcare sector employs more than 1.4 people of the U.S population. Proponents argue that an individual’s right to health helps in reduction of overall healthcare expenditure that improves public health, and curb any medical bankruptcies. These proponents support their argument by the assumption that no person in developed countries can survive without accessing healthcare services. However, opponents of entitlement of Americans to health care services are of the opinion that socialism is created when revenue tax is used to provide healthcare services. Similarly, it is argued that availability and quality of health care is minimal among people who dedicate their time in getting medical coverage insurance. Therefore, despite the opponents’ opinions, America’s health care services should be free to its citizens in order to produce healthy citizens who can work in agricultural, production and industrial sectors (Stossel and Andrew 12-14). Health care system in United States should be free because when it is not free, the country would be classified as having poorest health care services among industrialized countries. An evaluation of 27 high-income democratic members of the economic Co-operation and Development Organization shows that United States has the highest infant mortality rate alongside countries such as Slovakia and Hungary, which is attributed to costly health care system. In addition, in regards to life expectancy at birth, it is ranked in the 23rd position. Unlike other developed countries, United States does not provide its citizens with universal health coverage. Despite this, it ranked number one in per capita health care expenditures among the 193 World Health Organization member states. Its expenditures are estimated at $ 6, 719 per year. According to the WHO rankings, life expectancy in the U. S is seventy-eight thus; it is ranked at number 31 in the world. Similarly, among the 193 member state of WHO, it

The significant challenges Essay Example for Free

The significant challenges Essay The article of Gerler outlines the significant challenges of counseling in middle schools. He provides ideas and situations of concern that surrounds middle school students. Since this is the phase wherein changes begin to manifest among individuals as they transition towards adolescent level, issues such as relationships, drug and alcohol abuse, stress and experimentation comes into the picture (Gerler, 1991). Under these facets the document outlines significant areas of interest and the setbacks in the implementation of adequate policies towards change. In the end, Gerler argues the redefinition and alignment of new programs seeking to improve and facilitate effective avenues for middle school students to cope with the environment. Reacting to this, I believe that it has always been the goal of every educational counselor to find ways to provide students for active motivation and involvement in the learning process. Though it can be observed that Gerler study seems to be outdated, the challenges and trends continue to be exhibited by today’s youth. Seeing this, it is essential that careful considerations must be made on policies that will actively guide middle school students towards achieving their relevant and respective goals. Also, reflecting on the idea of bias in the research design, the document seems to connote only an analogy of setbacks faced by counselors. There was no clear indication of significant developments that had happened in the realm of middle school counseling. Seeing this, the document may seem to connote limited ability to provide information as far as its scope and ability convey the totality of the profession is concerned. With all of these, I still feel that this article is beneficial in my future profession because it gives out significant information of continuing needs of adolescents in middle school through the years. It may have been that the trends and policies implemented are changing however the essential facets and needs of these students remain the same and therefore needs attention. Understanding the conditions for the prevalence of autism in the infantile stage as well as its associated risk factors was discussed by Hultman et. al in their study. In here, they highlighted the relevant elements that surrounded the occurrence of autism. They sought to understand the relationship between areas such as maternal pregnancy and infant characteristics to the likelihood acquiring infantile autism (Hultman et. al. 2002). The methods used sought to compare the instances and medical records of pregnant women in Sweden for a time period. The results provided significant results that showed that this incidence has been related with both genetics and the environment (such as the prevalence of risk factors among pregnant women) (Hultman et. al. , 2002). Reflecting on the article presented, it clearly offers readers a good insight about the associated foundations for the formation of infantile autism and what elements constitute strong manifestations of these changes. Their ability to denote environmental and physiological makeup also gives strength in their claim that there are numerous factors to consider in studying this prevalence. Such can give future researchers and the epidemiological community areas to further study and analyze. On the other hand, there seems to be bias in the way the discussion is presented. It only highlighted the effect of smoking in generating varied responses that is then manifested as infantile autism. The complications gained in the process such as hypoxia are the stimulus that paves the way for the development of the condition. The researchers did not address some other factors present in the date they provided and mainly discussed the impact of smoking in general. With these ideas, I feel that it can help my profession because it can widen and expand my scope in understanding the areas that contribute to autism. Since this condition happens in different stages of growth, having a background in every level together with its associated implications and causes can help generate the appropriate approaches in handling individuals who have such circumstance. Reference Gerler, E. R. Jr. (1991) The Challenges of Counseling in Middle Schools in ERIC Digest. [online] Retrieved July 8, 2009 from, http://www. ericdigests. org/pre-9219/middle. htm Hultman, C. M. , Sparen, P. and Cnattingius, S. (2002) Perinatal Risk Factors for Infantile Autism in Epidemiology. 13 (4). Retrieved July 8, 2009. 417-423

Television Violence Negatively Impacts Children Essay -- Critical Thin

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Littleton, Colorado; Springfield, Oregon; Jonesboro, Arkansas; Pearl, Mississippi. These previously unknown suburban cities will forever be branded into our minds. These cities are linked by one devastating factor: young students firing upon fellow students and educators. What causes these young people to "snap" causing the violent shooting sprees? Although the events are too recent to fully understand their causes, we can try to understand what led to the disastrous situations. The impact of television violence on youth behavior has been an issue for many years. Television stations and their executives tend to deny television's contribution to youth violence. In the following paragraphs, I will use various examples to demonstrate the impact television has had on youth violence. This will be accomplished by: discussing the problems associated with television viewing, identifying violence on television, portraying the effects of television violence on younger people, and revealing ways to reduce violence on television. This paper explores these topics by using multiple statistics, by incorporating the views of several public officials and authors, and through my own views as well. In 1939, at the World's Fair, television first came into our lives. In 1938, author E. B. White told Harpers Magazine: "I believe that television is going to be the test of the modern world, and in this new opportunity to see beyond the range of our own vision, we shall discover either a new and unbearable disturbance of the general peace or a saving radiance in the sky. We shall stand or fall by television, of that I am sure." ( Murray, 1) E. B. White foresaw the problems associated with television when TV first arrived, but I do not ... ...ww.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/violence.htm DeMoss, Jr. Robert G. Learn to Discern. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992. Goodwin, William. Teen Violence San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1998. Gore, Tipper. Raising PG Kids in an X-Rated Society: What Parents can do to Protect Their Children From Sex and Violence in the Media. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1987. Landau, Elaine. Teenage Violence. Englewood Cliffs, CO: Julian Messner, 1990. Margolis, Jeffrey A. Teen Crime Wave: A Growing Problem. Issues In Focus Series. Springfield, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1997 Miller, Maryann. Coping With Weapons and Violence in Your Schools and on Your Streets. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 1993. Murray, John P. Children and Television Violence. Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, 1993. Volume 4, Number 3, pp 7-14   

American Culture v. Nicaraguan Culture

A lot of people recognize that Nicaragua and the United States are two different countries, but they don't really know how different they truly are. The health care system, the education, lifestyle and human rights in Nicaragua are very different from the United States. Nicaragua is located in Central America and is known for having active volcanoes and sharks swimming in fresh water, but Nicaragua is also known for being the third poorest country in the world and a country who has suffered many wars, catastrophic earthquakes and devastating hurricanes.Most Nicaragua people don't live an extravagant life, some of them don't have access to healthcare, and poverty is often Nicaragua biggest enemy and an impediment towards a much brighter future. The United States is a country known for its independence, freedom and perhaps power. United States is a country where equal opportunities are respected, people can study what they like, good services are given, and everyone enjoys life with a purpose of becoming successful while achieving many personal goals.The American dream may not necessarily be fame, wealth or a avis home but a good education, access to healthcare and the freedom to practice any religion you want or none at all. In the United States there are no limitations, people can dream big, people can find their true identities without being criticized or beaten down and people don't have to pay their debts with Jail time but instead they are giving the opportunity to file bankruptcy and start all over again.The health care in Nicaragua is under-funded with many limitations, vulnerable to epidemic outbreaks, poor quality of care, staff shortages in remote clinics, difficult access to medications, under-equipped hospitals, there is lack of quality service and advance medical equipment. The hospitals are not well maintained and hygiene practices are not strictly followed so people can acquire infections or other sicknesses while at the hospital. Doctors and nurs es receive wages that barely cover their most basic necessities of life and sick people are often sent home without being able to receive treatment, see or speak to a doctor.I remember that at the age of eight I had the worst case of lice, it was so bad and so severe that I was taken to the capital located in Managua, the capitol of Nicaragua, after waiting for hours and hours at the hospital waiting area my grandmother and I never got the chance to see a doctor and end up going home. On our way home we stopped by a pharmacy and consulted the pharmacist for some treatment against lice, unfortunately the pharmacy did not have anything that my grandmother could afford since she only had 5 CORBA's which in U.S. Dollars is equal to 19 cents. At that point I understood the meaning of being hopeless and limited. The only remedy and the only option my ornamented had was to use a cockroach killer spray that nearly killed me. I am lucky to be alive but luckier to know that something like tha t will never happen in the United States and will never happen to my young children. Here in the United States if someone is sick, they are welcome in the hospital at any time and the treatments are available.Nicaragua worry about the availability of treatments and medications because most of the time they are not available or are very expensive. The reality is that since health care is limited and under-budget, the healthcare response are underpaid and sometimes they do not provide high quality, compassionate care. Advanced diagnostic methods and machines are missing in almost every hospital in Nicaragua and therefore many diseases and conditions are not properly treated and diagnosed.On the other hand, the United States offers good quality hospitals with high-quality services including proper hygiene practices and advanced medical equipment to everyone which allows proper identification of diseases; this, however, is not free. In fact, it is very expensive and those without insura nce will have a very expensive hospital bill but will receive retirement regardless. Nevertheless, there are lots of options that allow people to get treated. For example, Midi-Cal and Medicare are great programs that help individuals get proper health care.In addition, most health care personnel are well paid and therefore commit to provide a high quality care to all their patients regardless of their financial background. Like the health care system, in Nicaragua you must pay for public education, schools are not well equipped, the majority of students often bring their own chair to sit and many will struggle with homework for lack of school materials. Teachers in Nicaragua can actually hit the students if they don't do well in class and due to financial struggles many young kids will never get to experience going to school or learn how to read.This means that there is a lower possibility that they can study and earn a degree or dream of having a successful career. Even if a child is able to obtain an education in Nicaragua they may not have the good fortune to get a Job since Jobs in Nicaragua are hard to find. On the contrary in the United States, the education is free in public schools and financial aid is available if you want to attend college. If a student has the money or the help to pay for college, they can study whatever they want. Americans have the freedom to apply to any Job they want and wherever they want.I had a friend that came to the United States over 18 years ago or so, she is also from Nicaragua and can actually tell you what poverty really is. She wanted to be a dental hygienist even though her teeth were not the best looking teeth due to poor dental care in Nicaragua but that did not stopped her. When she arrived in this country she was determined to succeed and go to school. Couple of years ago Gem Toronto, my dear reined, the Nicaragua girl that barely knew how to spell graduated top of her class as a dental hygienist and her teeth l ook better than ever.She will always love Nicaragua as much as I do but will forever be grateful to be in the United Sates where her educational goals and dream came true. L, never thought I would be as lucky as Gem but my determination to learn English and my dream of being a successful paralegal I accomplished because I live in a country where dreams do come true if you work really hard. Nicaragua are not lucky in the aspects of humans' rights because it does not exist for them. Nicaragua lack freedom of expression, they have to be careful of what they say.For example, they cannot express how they feel about their president, Daniel Ortega, if they do they could be beaten or lose their Jobs. People in Nicaragua do not have a right or a saying in the decisions the president makes or the right to know where funds to build new schools or hospitals go. Instead the government steals from the poor. Even if you vote for a decent candidate to the presidency of Nicaragua the elections are c orrupt. I remember one of the former presidents in Nicaragua, Arnold Leman, was stealing o much money from Nicaragua it became so obvious that he was investigated and in deed he was.The last elections in Nicaragua were a huge scandal since Daniel Ortega was paying people for their votes. In contrast, the United States has freedom for everyone to express themselves and achieve their dream in any way as long as they are not breaking any law. Every citizen can vote for the president they like and express what they think about anyone. Also, there are no secrets about what happens in the country regarding crimes or changes or funds. News about the country or any other countries is open to everyone who likes to be informedNicaragua and the United States are countries that are so different. The health care system, the education and the human rights are the three main characteristics that a human lives by. Most services in Nicaragua are not free and they are low quality. Nicaragua do not ha ve the guarantee that they will be treated in hospitals like they should be, study what they want, or Just have any rights. The United States does provide accessible access to health care and the services are good and people have equal rights and opportunities.The best part of all about living in the United States is hat you can dream, you can be whatever you want to be, you can speak freely without fear, your opinion counts and you can thrive without limitations. I know that coming to this country was the best decision of my life. I have always dream of obtaining a degree and attend law school and I know I will succeed, Just the simple fact that I can call this country my own makes me feel determine and ready to conquer over any challenges ahead. I will forever love Nicaragua but I am forever thankful to have a beautiful life and a bright future in the United States of America.

The Effects of Lsd

LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSD's psychedelic properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 mg of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids.Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study thei r reactions, usually without the subject's knowledge. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in 1975.In 1963 the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. Also in 1963, the US Food and Drug Administration classified LSD as an Investigational New Drug, which meant new restrictions on medical and scientific use. [ Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard, began to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the 1960s. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s.Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993. Today, medical research is resuming around the world. Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psyche delic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture.It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form â€Å"LSD† comes from its early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German â€Å"Lysergsaure-diethylamid† followed by a sequential number.LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, especially in solution, though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless solid. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can also be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. LSD is very potent, with 20–30  µg (micrograms) being the threshold dose.New experiments with LSD have started in 2009 for the first time in 40 years. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories, with trade-name Delysid, as a drug with various psychiatric uses in 1947, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be applicable to mind control and chemical warfare; the agency's MKULTRA research program propagated the drug among young servicemen and students.The subsequent recreational use of the drug by yo uth culture in the Western world during the 1960s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Currently, a number of organizations—including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation—exist to fund, encourage and coordinate research into the medicinal and spiritual uses of LSD and related psychedelics. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced or increased appetite, and wakefulness.Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. Among the reported symptoms are numbness, weakness, nausea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, elevated blood sugar, goose bumps, heart rate increase, jaw clenching, perspiration, saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness, hyperreflexia, and tremors. Some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects.LSD is not considered addictive by the medi cal community. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use,[citation needed] and cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline[ and psilocybin. This tolerance diminishes after a few days after cessation of use and is probably caused by down regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. LSD's psychological effects (colloquially called a â€Å"trip†) vary greatly from person to person, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength.They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time pass during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long-term psych emotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective [citation needed]. Widely different effects emerge based on what Timothy Leary called set and setting; the â€Å"set† being the general mindset of the user, and the â€Å"setting† being the physical and social environ ment in which the drug's effects are experienced.Some psychological effects may include an experience of radiant colors, objects and surfaces appearing to ripple or â€Å"breathe†, colored patterns behind the closed eyelids (eidetic imagery), an altered sense of time (time seems to be stretching, repeating itself, changing speed or stopping), crawling geometric patterns overlaying walls and other objects, morphing objects, a sense that one's thoughts are spiraling into themselves, loss of a sense of identity or the ego (known as â€Å"ego death†), and other powerful psycho-physical reactions. Many users experience dissolution between themselves and the â€Å"outside world†.This unitive quality may play a role in the spiritual and religious aspects of LSD. The drug sometimes leads to disintegration or restructuring of the user's historical personality and creates a mental state that some users report allows them to have more choice regarding the nature of their o wn personality. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset.LSD causes an altered sensory experience of senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Visual effects include the illusion of movement of static surfaces (â€Å"walls breathing†), after mage-like trails of moving objects (â€Å"tracers†), the appearance of moving colored geometric patterns (especially with closed eyes), an intensification of colors and brightness (â€Å"spa rkling†), new textures on objects, blurred vision, and shape suggestibility. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplainable way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphine seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied under the name â€Å"form constants†.The auditory effects of LSD may include echo-like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. The potential uses of LSD end of life anxiety, alcoholism, pain, cluster headaches, spiritual, and creativity. These are the potential adv erse effects: adverse drug interactions, mental disorders, and suggestibility and also psychosis.